1.1
a) 13.58
b) 160.6
c) 47.1

1.2
a) 0.43
b) 2.88
c) 288.8

1.3
a) r=0.898
b) r=0.974
c) r=1.0

1.4
a) slope = -1.016, y-intercept = 30.38
b) slope = 0.101, y-intercept = 19.99
c) slope = 0.984, y-intercept = -96.60


1.5
a) 5.748 < 7.815 YES fits distribution
b) 0.505 < 3.841 YES equal number

1.6
a) |-0.121| < 2.056 NO significant difference
b) |-2.115| > 2.080 YES significant increase

2.1 h2 = 0.75
2.2 h2 = 0.67
2.3 h2 = 0.01
2.4 h2 = 0.85
2.5 h2 = 0.90
2.6 h2 = 0.51

3.1
a) 0.44 Directional
b) 0.40 Disruptive
c) 0.45 Stabilizing

3.2
a) 0.81 Disruptive
b) 0.65 Directional
c) 0.52 Stabilizing

4.1
f(A)=0.4525
f(a)=0.5475
Expected Counts:
AA Aa aa
204.75624 495.48750 299.75625

0.001 < 3.841 Therefore the population IS in HW Equilibrium at this locus

4.2
f(A)=0.46052
f(a)=0.53947
Expected Counts:
AA Aa aa
48.35526 113.28947 66.35526
4.152 > 3.841 Therefore the population is NOT in HW Equilibrium at this locus

4.3
f(A)=0.87500
f(a)=0.12500
Expected Counts:
AA Aa aa
76.56250 21.87500 1.56250
9.878 > 3.841 Therefore the population is NOT in HW Equilibrium at this locus

4.4
f(A)=0.08333
f(a)=0.91666
Expected Counts:
AA Aa aa
1.79166 39.41666 216.79166
3.239 < 3.841 Therefore the population IS in HW Equilibrium at this locus

5.1
a)
f(AA)=0.510 f(Aa)=0.244 f(aa)=0.244
f(BB)=0.183 f(Aa)=0.408 f(aa)=0.408
Expected Counts:
AA Aa aa
BB 22.959 11.020 11.020
Bb 51.020 24.489 24.489
bb 51.020 24.489 24.489
4.537 < 9.488 Therefore in linkage equilibrium

b)
f(AA)=0.595 f(Aa)=0.354 f(aa)=0.049
f(BB)=0.248 f(Aa)=0.503 f(aa)=0.248
Expected Counts:
AA Aa aa
BB 59.553 35.438 4.962
Bb 120.893 72.032 10.07
bb 59.553 35.483 4.962
0.467 < 9.488 Therefore in linkage equilibrium

c)
f(AA)=0.227 f(Aa)=0.485 f(aa)=0.287
f(BB)=0.237 f(Aa)=0.514 f(aa)=0.247
Expected Counts:
AA Aa aa
BB 5.465 11.643 6.891
Bb 11.841 25.227 14.930
bb 5.693 12.128 7.178
0.245 < 9.488 Therefore in linkage equilibrium

d)
f(AA)=0.447 f(Aa)=0.219 f(aa)=0.333
f(BB)=0.238 f(Aa)=0.476 f(aa)=0.285
Expected Counts:
AA Aa aa
BB 11.190 5.476 8.333
Bb 22.380 10.952 16.666
bb 13.428 6.571 10.000
50.162 > 9.488 Therefore in linkage disequilibrium

5.2
a)D=-0.04
b)D=-0.11
c)D=+0.00
d)D=+0.07